Universal adapter for handheld surgical systems

ABSTRACT

Adapters for surgical drilling systems, and methods of use, are provided for performing surgical procedures, such as surgical drilling into bony structures, while guided by a conductivity sensing system. The adapters may be configured to be coupled to a surgical drilling tool such as a conventional surgical drill and a drill bit having conductivity sensing capabilities, or a surgical hand tool having conductivity sensing capabilities. The adapters further include a controller configured to receive one or more signal indicative of measured electrical conductivity and/or penetration depth measurement, detect a condition associated with a change of measured electrical conductivity based on the signal, and arrest advancement of the surgical drilling tool responsive to detection of the condition.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Appl. No. 63/249,451, filed Sep. 28, 2021, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF USE

A universal adapter is provided for use with surgical instruments for performing surgical procedures guided by a feedback-based sensing system.

BACKGROUND

Image-based surgical techniques have been used to aid physicians in performing a wide variety of delicate surgical procedures. These surgical procedures are used, for example, when patient anatomy obscures visualization of a surgical tool, or when a working end of a surgical tool is difficult to visualize in three dimensions. Surgical procedures in which such concerns frequently arise include, for example, spinal implant placement, alignment of broken bone fragments, and fixation of bone fractures.

Surgical navigation systems are known that use x-ray or fluoroscopic images to assist a physician in visualizing the location of a working end of a surgical tool within patient anatomy. Such systems repeatedly acquire x-ray or CT images during a surgical procedure, thereby permitting near real-time display of a position of the working end of the surgical tool relative to the patient anatomy. Fluoroscopically-based surgical navigation systems also may track a trajectory of the surgical tool and superimpose a representation of the surgical tool onto pre-acquired images of the patient anatomy, without x-rays being taken repeatedly during the surgical procedure. An example of such a system is the Stealth Station® navigation system sold by Medtronic, Inc., which provides a surgeon with CT-imaging feedback of the position and trajectory of instruments.

Adoption of previously known surgical navigation systems has been limited because the accuracy of such systems may be compromised by a variety of factors. For example, a patient or the surgeon may reposition the patient's body on the surgical table, thereby causing mis-registration of the working end of the surgical tool relative to pre-acquired images. One solution to this problem, to periodically update the fluoroscopic or CT-images during the surgical procedure, disadvantageously subjects the patient and the surgeon to greater exposure to ionizing radiation.

Yet another inherent limitation of previously known navigation systems is the inability to provide a high degree of confidence of the location of the working end of a surgical tool in three-dimensions, based on two-dimensional displayed images. While navigation systems may provide multiple views of the patient's anatomy and the working end, it may be challenging for the surgeon to mentally integrate such views in real time to achieve a high degree of confidence about the location of the working end of the surgical tool, especially if there is a need to limit advancement of the surgical tool to avoid penetrating sensitive structure or tissues.

Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide systems and methods that improve upon known surgical navigation systems, and which enable a surgeon accurately to confirm the location of the working end of a surgical tool, and particularly, when the working end of the surgical tool is approaching a sensitive portion of the patient's anatomy.

It further would be desirable to provide systems and methods that not only alerts a surgeon when the working end is approaching a transition in the anatomy in near real-time, but automatically stops further advancement of the working end when the working end approaches an undesirable condition.

SUMMARY

Provided herein are systems and methods that overcome the drawbacks of previously-known systems. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, an adapter is provided for use in surgical drilling systems for preventing injury during a surgical procedure such as a procedure involving drilling of bone, e.g., the spine. For example, the adapter may be provided for use with a surgical tool comprising an elongated drilling portion. The adapter may include a sleeve having a lumen sized and shaped to receive the elongated drilling portion of the surgical tool therethrough, a brake mechanism configured to be actuated to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion relative to the sleeve, and a controller programmed to: receive a signal indicative of an electrical conductivity sensed by the elongated drilling portion, and responsive to the signal, cause the brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion relative to the sleeve.

The controller may further be programmed to receive a signal indicative of penetration depth of the elongated drilling portion, and cause the brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion when changes in electrical conductivity as a function of the depth of penetration of the elongated drilling portion satisfy one or more predetermined conditions. The elongated drilling portion may be configured to penetrate bone. Accordingly, the controller may be programmed to sense changes in electrical conductivity caused by the elongated drilling portion transitioning from bone to tissue. Moreover, the controller may be programmed to sense changes in electrical conductivity during penetration by the elongated drilling portion, such that the controller causes the brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion when the changes in electrical conductivity satisfy one or more predetermined conditions.

In some embodiments, an external computing device may be operatively coupled to the adapter, such that the controller may be disposed within the external computing device via a wired or wireless connection. The controller further may be programmed to generate an alarm upon detection of the signal satisfying a predetermined condition. In addition, the controller further may be programmed to monitor penetration of the elongated drilling portion into a bony structure based on the signal, detect a condition associated with a change of measured electrical conductivity, and cause the brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion responsive to detection of the condition.

The sleeve may include a stationary component comprising a spring, and the adapter may further include a plunger coupled to the spring, such that the plunger is configured to be slidably movable within the stationary component responsive to a force applied by the surgical tool. Accordingly, the lumen may extend through the plunger and the stationary component. Moreover, the brake mechanism may be configured to lock the plunger relative to the stationary component to thereby arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion relative to the adapter. Additionally, a proximal end of the plunger may include a flat portion configured to engage with a stopper of the surgical tool, such that the surgical tool applies the force to the plunger via the engagement between the flat portion and the stopper. The stationary component may include a contact sensor, and the plunger may include a screw configured to engage with the contact sensor as the plunger moves relative to the stationary component, such that the controller is programmed to determine penetration depth of the elongated drilling portion based on electrical impedance responsive to engagement between the screw and the contact sensor. In some embodiments, the stationary component of the adapter may be configured to be coupled to a distal end of a robot arm programmed to determine at least one of an entry point or a trajectory of the surgical tool for a predetermined surgical procedure.

In accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure, the surgical tool may comprise a drill bit, and the sleeve may comprise a chuck configured to receive the drill bit. Accordingly, the adapter further may include a proximal end configured to be coupled to a surgical drill to selectively transmit rotary motion from the surgical drill to drill bit, such that the controller is programmed to, responsive to the signal, cease transmission of the rotary motion from the surgical drill to the drill bit to arrest advancement of the drill bit. The proximal end of the adapter may include a first rotor configured to be coupled to the surgical drill and a second rotor coupled to the chuck, wherein the first and second rotors are configured to engage each other to transmit rotary motion, and responsive to the signal, the controller decouples the second rotor from the first rotor to cease transmission of the rotary motion from the surgical drill to the drill bit.

The brake mechanism may be configured to be actuated by the controller to lock the drill bit relative to the adapter to stop rotary motion of the drill bit following the decoupling of the second rotor from the first rotor. In some embodiments, the second rotor may be selectively coupled to the first rotor via mechanical force or electromagnetic force. For example, the mechanical force may be achieved via at least one of interlocking teeth or friction.

In a default condition, the second rotor may be decoupled from the first rotor, such that the controller is programmed to cause the second rotor to couple to the first rotor upon actuation of the surgical drill. Alternatively, in a default condition, the brake mechanism may be configured to lock the drill bit relative to the adapter, such that the controller is programmed to actuate the brake mechanism to unlock the drill bit relative to the adapter upon actuation of the surgical drill. The braking mechanism may be configured to lock the drill bit relative to the adapter via at least one of a friction plate and pads, clamping jaws, or biting teeth. Moreover, the chuck may comprise a telescoping channel configured to measure a depth of penetration of the drill bit.

In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, the adapter may include a linear actuator having a channel that extends therethrough, a shaft slidably disposed within the channel of the linear actuator. Accordingly, the brake mechanism may be disposed in communication with the linear actuation, such that, responsive to the signal, the controller causes the brake mechanism to lock the shaft relative to the linear actuator to arrest advancement of the drill bit. For example, in a default condition, the brake mechanism may be configured to lock the shaft relative to the linear actuator, and the controller may be programmed to actuate the brake mechanism to unlock the shaft relative to the linear actuator upon actuation of the surgical drill. A distal end of the shaft may be configured to contact a bony structure, such that as the drill bit advances through the bony structure, the shaft remains stationary relative to the bony structure and slides through the channel. Alternatively, a proximal end of the shaft may be configured to contact the surgical drill, such that as the drill bit advances through a bony structure, a distance between the surgical drill and the adapter decreases as the shaft slides through the channel.

The adapter further may comprise a handle. In addition, a system comprising the adapter is provided. For example, the system may include the surgical tool. The surgical tool may include at least two electrodes configured to measure electrical conductivity and to generate the signal indicative of the electrical conductivity sensed by the elongated drilling portion.

In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, another adapter for use with a surgical tool comprising an elongated drilling portion is provided. For example, the adapter may include a sleeve comprising a lumen sized and shaped to receive the elongated drilling portion of the surgical tool therethrough, a brake mechanism configured to be actuated to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion relative to the sleeve, and a controller programmed to: receive a signal indicative of penetration depth of the elongated drilling portion, and responsive to the signal, cause the brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion relative to the sleeve.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the present disclosure, another adapter for use with a surgical tool comprising an elongated drilling portion is provided. For example, the adapter may include a sleeve comprising a lumen sized and shaped to receive the elongated drilling portion of the surgical tool therethrough, a brake mechanism configured to be actuated to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion relative to the sleeve, and a controller programmed to: receive a signal indicative of an electrical conductivity sensed by the elongated drilling portion; receive a signal indicative of penetration depth of the elongated drilling portion; and cause the brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion relative to the sleeve when changes in electrical conductivity as a function of the depth of penetration of the elongated drilling portion satisfy one or more predetermined conditions.

In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, a computer implemented system for operating an adapter for use with a surgical tool comprising an elongated drilling portion is provided. The system may include at least one processor configured to: receive a signal indicative of an electrical conductivity sensed by the elongated drilling portion as the elongated drilling portion penetrates an anatomic portion through a lumen of a sleeve of the adapter, and responsive to the signal, cause a brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion relative to the sleeve. The at least one processor may further be configured to: receive a signal indicative of penetration depth of the elongated drilling portion; and cause the brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion when changes in electrical conductivity as a function of the depth of penetration of the elongated drilling portion satisfy one or more predetermined conditions.

In addition, the at least one processor may further be configured to: sense changes in electrical conductivity during penetration by the elongated drilling portion; and cause the brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion when the changes in electrical conductivity satisfy one or more predetermined conditions. Moreover, the at least one processor may further be configured to: monitor penetration of the elongated drilling portion into a bony structure based on the signal; detect a condition associated with a change of measured electrical conductivity; and cause the brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion responsive to detection of the condition.

In some embodiments, the sleeve may include a stationary component comprising a spring, and the adapter may include a plunger coupled to the spring, such that the plunger may be configured to be slidably movable within the stationary component responsive to a force applied by the surgical tool. Accordingly, the at least one processor may be configured to cause the brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion relative to the sleeve by causing the brake mechanism to lock the plunger relative to the stationary component to thereby arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion relative to the adapter. Additionally, the at least one processor may further be configured to: receive a signal indicative of penetration depth of the elongated drilling portion from a depth sensor coupled to the adapter, and cause the brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion when changes in electrical conductivity as a function of the depth of penetration of the elongated drilling portion satisfy one or more predetermined conditions.

In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, another adapter for use with a surgical tool comprising an elongated drilling portion is provided. For example, the adapter may include a sleeve comprising a lumen sized and shaped to receive the elongated drilling portion of the surgical tool therethrough, an alert mechanism operatively coupled to the elongated drilling portion, and configured to generate an alarm, and a controller programmed to: receive a signal indicative of an electrical conductivity sensed by the elongated drilling portion during penetration by the elongated drilling portion; and responsive to the signal, cause the alert mechanism to generate the alarm when changes in electrical conductivity satisfy one or more predetermined conditions. The controller may further be programmed to: receive a signal indicative of penetration depth of the elongated drilling portion; and cause the alert mechanism to generate the alarm when changes in electrical conductivity as a function of the depth of penetration of the elongated drilling portion satisfy one or more predetermined conditions. In addition, the adapter further may include a brake mechanism configured to be actuated to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion relative to the sleeve. Accordingly, the controller may further be programmed to cause the brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion when the changes in electrical conductivity satisfy the one or more predetermined conditions. Moreover, the controller may be further programmed to: receive a signal indicative of penetration depth of the elongated drilling portion; and cause the brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion when changes in electrical conductivity as a function of the depth of penetration of the elongated drilling portion satisfy one or more predetermined conditions.

In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, another computer implemented system for operating an adapter for use with a surgical tool comprising an elongated drilling portion is provided. The system may include at least one processor configured to: receive a signal indicative of an electrical conductivity sensed by the elongated drilling portion as the elongated drilling portion penetrates an anatomic portion through a lumen of a sleeve of the adapter, and responsive to the signal, cause an alert mechanism to generate an alarm when changes in electrical conductivity satisfy one or more predetermined conditions. The at least one processor may further be configured to: receive a signal indicative of penetration depth of the elongated drilling portion; and cause the alert mechanism to generate the alarm when changes in electrical conductivity as a function of the depth of penetration of the elongated drilling portion satisfy one or more predetermined conditions. Moreover, the at least one processor may further be configured to: cause a brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion when the changes in electrical conductivity satisfy the one or more predetermined conditions. In addition, the at least one processor may further be configured to: receive a signal indicative of penetration depth of the elongated drilling portion; and cause the brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion when changes in electrical conductivity as a function of the depth of penetration of the elongated drilling portion satisfy one or more predetermined conditions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary surgical drilling system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary surgical drill bit for use with a surgical drill system of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are a cross-sectional view of the surgical drilling system of FIG. 1 .

FIG. 3C illustrates operation of the surgical drilling system of FIG. 1 .

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary controller constructed in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates the surgical drilling system of FIG. 1 with an external computing device.

FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate an alternative exemplary surgical drilling system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate another alternative exemplary surgical drilling system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate yet another alternative exemplary surgical drilling system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 9A to 9D illustrate various views of an exemplary adapter for a surgical drilling system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an alternative exemplary controller constructed in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 11A to 11D illustrate use of the adapter of FIGS. 9A to 9D with an exemplary surgical hand tool in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 12A to 12D illustrate use of the adapter of FIGS. 9A to 9D with an alternative exemplary surgical hand tool in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 13A to 13D illustrate use of the adapter of FIGS. 9A to 9D with another alternative exemplary surgical hand tool in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 14A to 14D illustrate use of the adapter of FIGS. 9A to 9D with yet another alternative exemplary surgical hand tool in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 15 illustrates the adapter of FIGS. 9A to 9D with an external computing device.

FIG. 16 illustrates the adapter of FIGS. 9A to 9D integrated with a robot arm in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Surgical drilling systems and methods are provided for performing surgical procedures, such as surgical drilling into bony structures, while guided by a conductivity sensing system. Systems configured in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure include a universal adapter which may be coupled to any conventional surgical drill, e.g., a handheld surgical drill, and a drill bit having conductivity sensing capabilities. Alternatively, the universal adapter may be coupled to a robotic arm of a surgical robotic system. To prevent injury to the patient, the adapter automatically arrests advancement of the drill bit responsive to a sensed conductivity by the drill in near real-time, e.g. within a few milliseconds to seconds.

Adapters described herein are particularly advantageous for use in the field of orthopedic surgery and spine surgery to assist a surgeon during a surgical procedure in placing an implant in one or more vertebrae of a patient's spine. The adapter thus enables improved placement precision and prevents risk of damage related to unintended intrusion into sensitive functional tissues, such as the spinal cord, nerve endings, and vascular structures. Although the devices and methods of the invention are described herein with respect to an application in a vertebra, and more generally in bony structure, they are not limited to such an application. Instead, the principles of the present invention advantageously may be applied to any anatomical portion comprising different mediums and having an electrical characteristic, such as a conductivity or resistivity, which varies as a function of the capacities of the mediums to conduct an electric current.

Referring now to FIG. 1 , an exemplary surgical drilling system configured in accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure is described. As shown in FIG. 1 , surgical drilling system 10 includes universal adapter 100, conventional surgical drill 12, and conductivity-sensing drill bit 200. Surgical drill 12 may be any conventional surgical drill configured to receive and transmit rotary motion to a drill bit. Adapter 100 may be coupled to surgical drill 12 at its proximal end and may have a sleeve configured to receive drill bit 200 at its distal end, such that surgical drill 12 transmits rotary motion to drill bit 200 via adapter 100, as described in detail below. Drill bit 200 may include proximal end 202 sized and shaped to be received by adapter 100, e.g., a chuck of adapter 100, distal end 204 configured to contact and penetrate, e.g., tissue and/or bone, and conductor 206 for electrically coupling drill bit 200 to adapter 100.

Referring now to FIG. 2 , distal end 204 of drill bit 200 is described. Distal end 204 of drill bit 200 is configured to penetrate an anatomical portion, such as a region that includes a vertebra and surrounding tissue. As is well understood in the surgical arts, it is important to ensure precise positioning of drill bit 200 to avoid damaging or transiting the inner layer of cortical bone that delimits the foramen, or the outer layer, of cortical bone near the nerve endings. Adapter 100 preferably is configured to emit a warning signal that varies as a function of the sensed electrical characteristic by drill bit 200 when it is moved within an anatomical portion, and to arrest penetration by drill bit 200 if drill bit 200 approaches an anatomical portion that should not be penetrated, e.g., a breach condition.

Drill bit 200 operates analogously to the hand tool described in U.S. Patent No. 7,580,743, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, which device is commercially available from the assignee of the present application under the tradename PediGuard®. Drill bit 200 also may constitute an implant to be placed in the anatomical structure, such as a screw, and in particular a pedicle screw.

Referring still to FIG. 2 , drill bit 200 extends along longitudinal axis L between proximal end 202 and distal end 204, forming tip 208 for penetrating bony structure. Drill bit 200 generally has a cylindrical external surface of circular cross-section extending along longitudinal axis L and includes one or more spiral cutting edges that extend proximally from tip 208. The body of drill bit 200 could, however, have any other shape, in particular cylindrical with a polygonal or other cross-section. Additionally or alternatively, drill bit 200 may be a threaded drill bit. Drill bit 200 comprises first electrode 210, cylindrical and of conductive material, extending inside drill bit 200 parallel to longitudinal axis L. In particular, first electrode 210 is arranged in a central bore of drill bit 200 and extends coaxially to longitudinal axis L up to a free end having first contact surface 214, which is flush with the external surface of drill bit 200 at tip 208.

Drill bit 200 also includes second electrode 212, annular and of conductive material, extending along longitudinal axis L around first electrode 210. In particular, second electrode 212 is formed by a portion of drill bit 200 itself, made in this case of a conductive material. Second electrode 212 has second contact surface 216 composed of a cylindrical portion parallel to longitudinal axis L and corresponding to a lateral surface of drill bit 200, and an annular portion transverse to longitudinal axis L corresponding to a distal surface of drill bit 200.

A layer of electrically insulating material is interposed between first electrode 210 and second electrode 212 such that first contact surface 214 and second contact surface 216 can come into contact, at a distance from one another, with the anatomical portion during penetration of drill bit 200 into the anatomical portion. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the embodiment illustrated by drill bit 200, and other shapes are possible, such as, for example, that first electrode 210 and second electrode 212 are not arranged coaxially but may be formed from a rod of conductive material inserted into drill bit 200. Furthermore, first electrode 210 and second electrode 212 each may have a point-like or other contact surface 214, 216, flush with the lateral surface or distal surface of drill bit 200. Alternatively, drill bit 200 could support two or more first electrodes 210 and two or more second electrodes 212.

Referring now to FIGS. 3A and 3B, internal components of adapter 100 of system 10 are described. In FIG. 3B, adapter 100 may include a sleeve, e.g., chuck 104, for securely receiving proximal end 202 of drill bit 200 therethrough. Chuck 104 may include components that establish electrical connection to first and second electrodes 210 and 212 of drill bit 200, thus enabling electronics disposed within adapter 100 to emit an appropriate warning signal. Those components may include an electric generator, coupled to controller 150 (see FIG. 3C), e.g., an electric processing device mounted on a circuit board. The electric generator is connected to first electrode 210 and second electrode 212, and is suitable for applying one or more voltages across first contact surface 214 and second contact surface 216, e.g., via conductor 206. Controller 150 may be connected to the electric generator and to first electrode 210 and second electrode 212, e.g., via conductor 206, and is suitable for determining a measurement parameter related to the electrical characteristic based on a measurement electric current(s) induced by the applied voltage(s), and for emitting the warning signal corresponding to the measurement parameter. The measurement parameter may in particular be a voltage, an intensity of the electric current, conductivity or resistivity, or may be the result of processing one or more measurement electric currents, such as by integration, averaging, or the like, or may be the result of frequency analysis.

Adapter 100 also may enclose a device to supply electric power to the electric generator and controller 150, e.g., a battery. It also may include a communication interface communicating with controller 150, described below, by any suitable means, wired or wirelessly, e.g., via Bluetooth. In alternative embodiments, the electric generator and/or controller 150, as well as the other electronic components of drill bit 200, could be located remote from the body of the adapter 100. For example, at least some of the components could be carried by an external computing device, as described below.

Referring now to FIG. 3B, adapter 100 may include first rotor 110 configured to releasably engage surgical drill 12. For example, first rotor 110 may include shaft 112 sized and shaped to be securely received by chuck 16 of surgical drill 12. Accordingly, surgical drill 12 may transmit rotary motion to first rotor 110 upon actuation of surgical drill 12. In addition, adapter 100 may include second rotor 106 having channel 108 for securely receiving proximal end 202 of drill bit 200, such that rotation of second rotor 106 transmits rotary motion to drill bit 200. Additionally or alternatively, the first and/or second rotors may be, e.g., a shaft, a disc, an axis, a cylinder, etc.

First rotor 110 may be releasably coupled to second rotor 106, e.g., via an electromagnet clutch mechanism, such that surgical drill 12 may transmit rotary motion to drill bit 200 via first rotor 110 and second rotor 106 when first rotor 110 is mechanically coupled to second rotor 106. For example, controller 150 may cause a magnetic field to occur in second rotor 106 that causes it to electromagnetically couple to first rotor 110. Alternatively, the magnetic field may cause mechanical elements on rotors 106 and 110 to interengage, e.g., interlocking teeth or friction forces. Upon detection of a condition, as described below, controller 150 may cause the magnetic field to cease, thereby causing first rotor 110 to decouple from second rotor 106. This in turn will cease transmission of rotary motion from surgical drill 12 to drill bit 200, resulting in “auto-stop” of drill bit 200. In a default condition, prior to actuation of surgical drill 12, first rotor 110 may be decoupled from second rotor 106, such that, upon actuation of surgical drill 12, controller 150 causes first rotor 110 and second rotor 106 to couple together to transmit rotary motion from surgical drill 12 to drill bit 200.

In FIG. 3B, adapter 100 further may include one or more actuators 120. For example, actuator 120 may permit the user to override controller 150 and continue drilling despite the presence of a signal to auto-stop drill bit 200. Accordingly, actuation of actuator 120 may temporarily disable the auto-stop of drill bit 200, and cause controller 150 to cause re-engagement of first rotor 110 to second rotor 106, to thereby permit continued transmission of rotary motion from surgical drill 12 to drill bit 200. Upon release of actuator 120, controller 150 may proceed to auto-stop drill bit 200 if the condition is still detected based on the measured real-time electrical conductivity. Additionally or alternatively, one or more actuators 120 may permit the user to turn off the auto-stop functionality of controller 150, e.g., disable system 10, such that surgical drill 12 directly commands drill bit 200. In some embodiments, actuator 120 may be a voice-controlled actuator such that the surgeon may provide voice commands to cause controller 150 to either temporarily disable or disable system 10 in the manner described above.

In addition, adapter 100 may include telescoping channel 114 extending distally therefrom. Telescoping channel 114 may have spring 116 disposed therein to provide tension to telescoping channel 114. For example, spring 116 may apply a spring force to telescoping channel 114 to bias telescoping channel 114 in an extended configuration. The distal end of telescoping channel 114 may include lip 118, sized and shaped to contact and press against a surface adjacent to the entry point of drill bit 200 into, e.g., tissue or bone. Accordingly, as drill bit 200 penetrates into an anatomic portion, lip 118 will contact the surface adjacent to the drill bit entry point to cause telescoping channel 114 to contract axially as drill bit 200 advances into the anatomic portion, e.g., lip 118. The resulting telescoping action of telescoping channel 114 is illustrated in FIG. 3C. Moreover, telescoping channel 114 may include markings on its outer surface to facilitate depth measurement of drill bit 200 into the anatomic portion as telescoping channel 114 contracts. In some embodiments, adapter 100 may be coupled to surgical drill 12 such that handle 102 of adapter 100 may be angled, e.g., at 90 degrees, from surgical drill 12, to thereby improve stability and control of system 10.

Referring now to FIG. 4 , components that may be included in controller 150 used in conjunction with adapter 100 are described. Controller 150 may be operatively coupled to adapter 100 and drill bit 200, such that controller 150 may receive signals indicative of electrical conductivity measurements from drill bit 200, e.g., based on electrical impedance of the surround tissue and/or bone, detect a condition, e.g., a breach during a surgical drilling procedure, based on the signals, and instruct adapter 100 to cease transmission of the rotary motion from surgical drill 12 to drill bit 200. Controller 150 may include one or more processors 152, communication circuitry 154, power supply 156, user interface 157, and/or memory 158.

Controller 150 includes memory, which may be RAM, ROM, Flash, or other known memory, or some combination thereof, and preferably includes storage in which data may be selectively saved. For example, programmable instructions may be stored to execute algorithms for detecting a breach or near breach of the drill bit during a surgical drilling procedure into bone. One or more electrical components and/or circuits may perform some of or all the roles of the various components described herein. Although described separately, it is to be appreciated that electrical components need not be separate structural elements. For example, controller 150 and communication circuitry 154 may be embodied in a single chip. In addition, while controller 150 is described as having memory, a memory chip(s) may be separately provided.

Controller 150 may incorporate processor 152, which may consist of one or more processors and may be a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any suitable combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. The controller also may be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

Controller 150 may contain memory and/or be coupled, via one or more buses, to read information from, or write information to, memory. The memory may include processor cache, including a multi-level hierarchical cache in which different levels have different capacities and access speeds. The memory may also include random access memory (RAM), other volatile storage devices, or non-volatile storage devices. The storage devices can include, for example, hard drives, optical discs, flash memory, and Zip drives.

Controller 150, in conjunction with firmware/software stored in the memory may execute an operating system (e.g., operating system 172), such as, for example, Windows, Mac OS, Unix or Solaris 5.10. Controller 150 also executes software applications stored in the memory. In one non-limiting embodiment, the software comprises, for example, Unix Korn shell scripts. In other embodiments, the software may be programs in any suitable programming language known to those skilled in the art, including, for example, C++, PHP, or Java.

Communication circuitry 154 may include circuitry that allows controller 150 to communicate with the electronic components of adapter 100, e.g., the electric generator, one or more depth sensors, power supply 156, an alarm system, one or more actuators 120, first rotor 110, second rotor 106, etc., and with electrodes 210, 212 via conductor 206. Communication circuitry 154 may be configured for wired and/or wireless communication over a network such as the Internet, a telephone network, a Bluetooth network, and/or a WiFi network using techniques known in the art. Communication circuitry 154 may be a communication chip known in the art such as a Bluetooth chip and/or a WiFi chip. Communication circuitry 154 permits controller 150 to transfer information, such as signals indicative of a breach or near breach associated with spinal drilling, locally and/or to a remote location such as a server.

Power supply 156 may supply alternating current or direct current. In direct current embodiments, power supply may include a suitable battery such as a replaceable battery or rechargeable battery and apparatus may include circuitry for charging the rechargeable battery, and a detachable power cord. Power supply 156 may be charged by a charger via an inductive coil within the charger and inductive coil. Alternatively, power supply 156 may be a port to allow the adapter to be plugged into a conventional wall socket, e.g., via a cord with an AC to DC power converter and/or a USB port, for powering components within the device. Power supply 156 may be designed to supply power to the components of the adapter.

User interface 157 may be used to receive inputs from, and/or provide outputs to, a user. For example, user interface 157 may provide information to the user on the detection of a breach or near breach during the drilling procedure. User interface 157 further may include an audible device and/or volume control to selectively increase or decrease an audio output. User interface 157 may include a touchscreen, switches, dials, lights, an LED, e.g., LED 122 (shown in FIG. 3B), an LED matrix, other LED indicators, or other input/output devices for receiving inputs from, and/or providing outputs to, a user. In other embodiments, user interface 157 may not be present on the adapter, but is instead provided on a remote, external computing device communicatively connected to the adapter via the communication circuitry 154. User interface 157 also may be a combination of elements on the adapter and a remote computing device.

Memory 158, which is one example of a non-transitory computer-readable medium, may be used to store operating system (OS) 172, adapter interface module 160, electric generator interface module 162, conductivity sensing module 164, depth sensing module 166, condition detection module 168, and alert generation module 170. The modules are provided in the form of computer-executable instructions that may be executed by processor 152 for performing various operations in accordance with the disclosure. Instructions may be stored, for example, for executing algorithms associated with the breach detection as described in U.S. Patent No. 11,344,372 to Bourlion or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/661,719, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Adapter interface module 160 may be executed by processor 152 for communicating with and actuating electronic components of adapter 100. For example, adapter interface module 160 may be operatively coupled to second rotor 106, such that adapter interface module 160 may be executed by processor 152 to cause second rotor 106 to generate a magnetic field to couple with first rotor 110 upon actuation of surgical drill 12. Accordingly, adapter interface module 160 may receive a signal from first rotor 110 indicating that surgical 112 is being actuated, to thereby cause second rotor 106 to be coupled to first rotor 110, such that rotary motion may be transmitted from surgical drill 12 to drill bit 200. Moreover, adapter interface module 160 may cause cessation of the magnetic field to cause second rotor 106 to decouple from first rotor 110 upon detection of a condition by condition detection module 168, as described in further detail below.

Electric generator interface module 162 may be executed by processor 152 for causing the electric generator of adapter 100 to apply one or more voltages across first contact surface 214 and second contact surface 216 of drill bit 200 during penetration of the anatomic portion by drill bit 200.

Conductivity sensing module 164 may be executed by processor 152 for receiving one or more signals from first electrode 210 and second electrode 212 indicative of measured electrical conductivity as drill bit 200 penetrates the anatomic portion. Specifically, conductivity sensing module 164 may determine a measurement parameter related to the electrical characteristic, e.g., voltage, an intensity of the electric current, conductivity or resistivity, based on a measurement electric current(s) induced by the applied voltage(s). Accordingly, conductivity sensing module 164 may measure the electrical conductivity, e.g., based on electrical impedance of the tissue and/or bone surrounding tip 208 of drill bit 200, as drill bit 200 penetrates the anatomic portion in real-time.

Depth sensing module 168 may be executed by processor 152 for receiving one or more signals from one or more depth sensors coupled to adapter 100 and/or drill bit 200, and determining the depth of penetration of drill bit 200 into the anatomic portion based on the one or more signals. For example, a first depth sensor may be positioned on a stationary portion of adapter 100, and a second depth sensor may be positioned on the distal end of telescoping channel 114, such that the depth sensing module 166 may determine the distance between the first and second depth sensors by receiving signals from each of the first and second depth sensors indicative of the relative position of the first and second depth sensor. Alternatively or additionally, an optical depth sensor may be positioned at the distal end of telescoping channel 114 and may emit a laser to determine the depth of tip 208 of drill bit 200. Accordingly, depth sensing module 166 may determine the depth of penetration of drill bit 200 into the anatomic portion based on one or more signals received from the optical depth sensor.

Condition detection module 168 may be executed by processor 152 for detecting a condition, e.g., a breach during a surgical drilling procedure, based on signals indicative of at least one of the measured electrical conductivity by conductivity sensing module 164 and the determined depth of penetration of drill bit 200 by depth sensing module 166. Specifically, condition detection module 168 may execute one or more algorithms stored therein to mathematically detect when changes in electrical conductivity as a function of penetration depth, e.g., as drill bit 200 penetrates into the anatomic portion, satisfy predetermined conditions, indicating a breach condition. For example, based on the signals indicative of electrical conductivity and/or penetration depth measurements, condition detection module 168 may detect a breach such as transition to the inner layer of cortical bone delimiting the foramen, or transition to the outer layer of cortical bone near the nerve endings.

A goal may be to cease transmission of rotary motion from surgical drill 12 to drill bit 200 when rapid variations in the signals are observed, and a delay of more than one second may cause a breach at the end of drilling. Thus, condition detection module 168 may integrate an algorithm during signal preprocessing, which executes a reversed filter.

${s(t)} = \frac{{\sigma(t)} - {\left( {1 - \alpha} \right){\sigma\left( {t - 1} \right)}}}{\alpha}$

As described in U.S. Pat. No. 11,344,372, this makes it possible to recover the unprocessed value of the signal at time t from the filtered signal, and at the same time to cancel out the delays. The warning signal may then be used to cease generation of the magnetic field to cause second rotor 106 to decouple from first rotor 110 to auto-stop drill bit 200 just before a breach is made, as indicated by the predetermined change in electrical conductivity as a function of penetration depth. The algorithm used may be as follows.

Penetration into the cortical bone is detected when the warning signal drops below a critical threshold sc₁. When the cortical bone has been penetrated, an impending breach is detected when the signal rises above its minimum value s_(min) with a deviation greater than a threshold sc₂. In the experiments conducted, the thresholds sc₁ and sc₂ are imposed before the experiment (adjustment made based on initial tests). By contrast, the minimum reference value s_(min) is not very repeatable from one drilling to another; it is therefore calculated automatically online.

The interpretation of the instrument signal can be described by the following pseudo-code:

Initialization: s_(min) ←∞; flag_(cortical)=0

For each new value received from the signal (t), loop as follows:

1. Calculate the minimum signal value:

If s(t)<S_(min), then S_(min)←s(t)

2. Detect entry into the cortical bone:

If s(t)<S₁ and flag_(cortical)=0,then flag_(cortical)←1

3. In the cortical bone, detect an impending breach:

If flag_(cortical)=1 and (s(t)-s_(min)) >s₂, then cease transmission of rotary motion.

Adapter interface module 160 may cause electronic components within adapter 100 to cease generation of the magnetic field to cause second rotor 106 to decouple from first rotor 110 to auto-stop drill bit 200 upon detection of a condition by condition detection module 168, as described above. In addition, adapter interface module 160 further may receive a signal, upon actuation of one or more actuators 120 of adapter 100, to temporarily disable or disable the system 10, to permit the user to override the auto-stop of drill bit 200, as described above.

Alert generation module 170 may be executed by processor 152 for generating a warning signal when condition detection module 168 detects a condition, and causing an alarm system of system 10 to emit a warning, e.g., an audible, visual, and/or tactile warning, based on the warning signal via, for example user interface 157. For example, alert generation module 170 may cause the alarm system, e.g., LED lights 122 (see FIG. 3B), to emit a flashing warning. Additionally or alternatively, alert generation module 170 may cause the alarm system, e.g., a speaker, to emit an audible warning signal frequency-modulated and possibly intensity-modulated, which may vary based on the change in electrical conductivity detected by condition detection module 168. Additionally or alternatively, alert generation module 170 may cause the alarm system, e.g., a vibrator, to emit a tactile warning signal frequency-modulated and possibly intensity-modulated, which may vary based on the change in electrical conductivity detected by condition detection module 168. In addition, the intensity of the alert generated may vary based on the measured depth of penetration by drill bit 200.

Referring now to FIG. 5 , in some alternative embodiments, system 10 further may include external computing device 300. For example, controller 150 may be disposed in external computing device 300, as opposed to within adapter 100. Accordingly, controller 150 may be operatively coupled to the electronic components of adapter 100 via a wired connection, e.g., one or more cables, or a wireless connection, e.g., Bluetooth connection. In addition, power supply 156 may be positioned in external computing device 300 for powering the electronic components of adapter 100. In some embodiments, external computing device 300 may include a display screen for displaying information regarding the measured electrical conductivity as a function of depth of penetration of drill bit 200, as well as a visual warning message if a condition is detected, as described above.

Referring to FIGS. 6A and 6B, an alternative adapter having a linear depth control mechanism is described. Adapter 100′ may be constructed similarly to adapter 100, with similar components having like-prime reference numerals. For example, handle 102′ corresponds with handle 102. Adapter 100′ differs from adapter 100 in that adapter 100′ includes linear actuator 130. In addition, adapter 100′ may not include selectively engageable first and second rotors. Instead, drill bit 200 may be directly received by the chuck of surgical drill 12 within adapter 200 for transmission of rotary motion from surgical drill 12 to drill bit 200. Alternatively, adapter 100′ may include first and second rotors similar to adapter 100. Moreover, adapter 100′ may or may not include a telescoping channel. FIGS. 6A and 6B depict adapter 100′ with the telescoping channel omitted. As shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, linear actuator 130 may be disposed on an upper surface of adapter 100′. Alternatively, linear actuator 130 may be disposed on a side of adapter 100′. Linear actuator 130 has a channel extending therethrough, sized and shaped to slidably receive shaft 132. Shaft 132 includes proximal end 136, and distal end 134 configured to contact and engage with the surface of the anatomic portion, e.g., bone B.

Linear actuator 130 includes a brake mechanism disposed therein and configured to engage with shaft 132. The brake mechanism is operatively coupled to controller 150, such that upon detection of a condition by condition detection module 168, adapter interface module 160 of controller 150 causes the brake mechanism to lock shaft 132 relative to linear actuator 130. For example, during operation, distal end 134 of shaft 132 is positioned in contact with the surface of bone B. As tip 208 of drill bit 200 penetrates bone B, shaft 132 slides proximally through the channel of linear actuator 130 as handle 102′ of adapter 100′ advances towards bone B. Upon detection of the condition, controller 150 causes the brake mechanism to lock shaft 132 relative to linear actuator 130, which arrests advancement, e.g., further penetration, of drill bit 200 into bone B, due to the contact between distal end 134 of shaft 132 and bone B. Thus, even though rotary motion may continuously be transmitted from surgical drill 12 to drill bit 200, advancement of drill bit 200 is stopped. In some embodiments, shaft 132 may include markings on its outer surface to facilitate depth measurement of drill bit 200 into bone B. In a default condition, prior to actuation of surgical drill 12, the brake mechanism may be activated such that shaft 132 is locked relative to linear actuator 130. Accordingly, upon actuation of surgical drill 12, controller 150 causes the brake mechanism to unlock lock shaft 132 relative to linear actuator 130 to thereby permit advancement of drill bit 200.

With respect to FIGS. 7A and 7B, another alternative exemplary surgical drilling system employing an inventive adapter having linear depth control is described. Adapter 100″ may be constructed similarly to adapter 100′, 100 with similar components having like-double prime reference numerals. For example, handle 102″ corresponds with handle 102′, telescoping channel 114″ corresponds with telescoping channel 114, and lip 118″ corresponds with lip 118. Unlike adapter 100, adapter 100″ does not include selectively engageable first and second rotors for coupling surgical drill 12 to drill bit 200. Instead, drill bit 200 may be directly received by the chuck of surgical drill 12 for transmission of rotary motion from surgical drill 12 to drill bit 200. Moreover, telescoping channel 118″ may be locked in position such that it does not contract during operation. Linear actuator 130 may be disposed on an upper surface of adapter 100″ or alternatively, disposed on a side of adapter 100′, such that proximal end 136 is in contact with surgical drill 12, as described below.

Unlike adapter 100′, proximal end 136 is configured to contact and engage with a surface of surgical drill 12. A brake mechanism is operatively coupled to controller 150, such that upon detection of a condition by condition detection module 168, adapter interface module 160 of controller 150 causes the brake mechanism to lock shaft 132 relative to linear actuator 130. For example, during operation, lip 118″ is positioned in contact with the surface of bone B, and proximal end 136 of shaft 132 is positioned in contact with surgical drill 12. As tip 208 of drill bit 200 penetrates bone B, shaft 132 slides distally through the channel of linear actuator 130 as surgical drill 12 advances towards handle 102″ of adapter 100″, while adapter 100″ remains stationary relative to bone B via telescoping channel 114″ and lip 118″. Upon detection of the condition, controller 150 causes the brake mechanism to lock shaft 132 relative to linear actuator 130, which arrests advancement, e.g., further penetration, of drill bit 200 into bone B, due to the contact between proximal end 136 of shaft 132 and surgical drill 12. Thus, even though rotary motion may continuously be transmitted from surgical drill 12 to drill bit 200, advancement of drill bit 200 is stopped. In some embodiments, shaft 132 may include markings on its outer surface to facilitate depth measurement of drill bit 200 into bone B. In a default condition, prior to actuation of surgical drill 12, the brake mechanism may be activated such that shaft 132 is locked relative to linear actuator 130. Accordingly, upon actuation of surgical drill 12, controller 150 causes the brake mechanism to unlock lock shaft 132 relative to linear actuator 130 to thereby permit advancement of drill bit 200.

Referring now to FIGS. 8A and 8B, an adapter having a mechanical brake for use in a surgical drilling system is described. Adapter 100′″ may be constructed similarly to adapter 100 with similar components having like-triple prime reference numerals. For example, chuck 104″′ corresponds to chuck 104. Adapter 100′″ differs from adapter 100 in that adapter 100′″ does not include selectively engageable first and second rotors for coupling surgical drill 12 to drill bit 200. Instead, drill bit 200 may be directly received by the chuck of surgical drill 12 for transmission of rotary motion from surgical drill 12 to drill bit 200. For example, the chuck of surgical drill 12 may have a receiving channel 18 for securely receiving proximal end 202 of drill bit 200. In addition, adapter 100″′ includes brake mechanism 140 having a channel extending therethrough for receiving proximal end 202 of drill bit 200 therethrough. Brake mechanism 140 may be engaged with drill bit 200 via at least one of a friction plate and pads, clamping jaws, or biting teeth.

Brake mechanism 140 is operatively coupled to controller 150, such that upon detection of a condition by condition detection module 168, adapter interface module 160 of controller 150 causes brake mechanism 140 to lock drill bit 200 relative to brake mechanism 140, and accordingly adapter 100″′. Accordingly, to stall the motor of surgical drill 12 to prevent transmission of rotary motion from surgical drill 12 to drill bit 200, the braking force/torque of braking mechanism 140 applied to drill bit 200 must be greater than the torque of surgical drill 12. For example, during operation, upon detection of the condition, controller 150 causes brake mechanism 140 to drill bit 200 relative to brake mechanism 140, which stops transmission of rotary motion from surgical drill 12 to drill bit 200. In a default condition, prior to actuation of surgical drill 12, brake mechanism 140 may be activated such that drill bit 200, and accordingly surgical drill 12, is locked relative to brake mechanism 140. Accordingly, upon actuation of surgical drill 12, controller 150 causes brake mechanism 140 to unlock drill bit 200 relative to brake mechanism 140 to thereby permit transmission of rotary motion from surgical drill 12 to drill bit 200.

Referring now to FIGS. 9A to 9D, an exemplary adapter for use with a surgical hand tool system is provided. For example, adapter 400 may be used with the hand tools described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,580,743, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, which device is commercially available from the assignee of the present application under the tradename PediGuard®. For example, the surgical hand tools may include a handle portion coupled to an elongated drilling portion having a distal end configured to contact and penetrate an anatomic portion, e.g., tissue and/or bone, via manual rotation of the handle. Moreover, the distal end of the surgical hand tool may include two or more electrodes as described above with regard to drill bit 200 of FIG. 2 coupled to an electric generator within the handle for measuring electrical conductivity in real time based on electric current(s) induced by the applied voltage(s) by the electrodes as the elongated drilling portion penetrates tissue and/or bone.

The electrodes may be operatively coupled to controller 450, e.g., an electric processing device mounted on a circuit board, which may determine a measurement parameter related to the electrical characteristic based on the measurement electric current(s), detect a breach condition based on the measurement parameter and/or penetration depth measurement of the elongated drilling portion, emit a warning signal corresponding to the measurement parameter and/or penetration depth measurement which may vary as a function of sensed electrical characteristics during penetration, and/or arrest further advancement of the surgical hand tool relative to adapter 400 if the distal end of the elongated drilling portion approaches an anatomical portion that should not be penetrated, e.g., a breach condition, as described in further detail below.

Additionally or alternatively, the electrodes may be operatively coupled to an electric processing device within the surgical hand tool, which is operatively coupled to controller 450 for transmitting data therebetween. As described above, the measurement parameter may in particular be a voltage, an intensity of the electric current, conductivity or resistivity, or may be the result of processing one or more measurement electric currents, such as by integration, averaging, or the like, or may be the result of frequency analysis. In addition, the surgical hand tools may include a device to supply electric power to the electric generator, e.g., a battery, as well as a communication interface communicating with controller 450, described below, by any suitable means, wired or wirelessly, e.g., via Bluetooth.

As shown in FIGS. 9A to 9D, adapter 400 may include a stationary component, e.g., sleeve 402, and plunger 420 slidably coupled to sleeve 402, e.g., via spring 418. Sleeve 402 may include lumen 404 extending therethrough from proximal end 414 to distal end 406, such that lumen 404 is sized and shaped to receive at least the elongated drilling portion of the surgical tool as the elongated drilling portion is advanced to penetrate tissue and/or bone. At least a portion of lumen 404 may include cavity 417 sized and shaped to have spring 418 disposed therein. Cavity 417 is further sized and shaped to receive the distal portion of plunger 420 therethrough. Distal end 424 of plunger 420 may be coupled to a proximal end of spring 418 to thereby provide tension to plunger 420. For example, spring 418 may apply a spring force to plunger 420 to bias plunger 420 in an extended configuration as shown in FIGS. 9A and 9C.

As shown in FIGS. 9B and 9D, upon application of a force to the proximal end of plunger 420, e.g., flat portion 426 of plunger 420, by a stopper adjacent to the handle of the surgical hand tool, spring 418 may be compressed, such that plunger 420 advances distally through cavity 417 of sleeve 402, thereby forming a telescoping channel. Flat portion 426 may have an outer diameter that is larger than the outer diameter of the elongated shaft of plunger 420 that is received by cavity 417 to facilitate engagement with the stopper of the surgical hand tool. Advancement of plunger 420 within cavity 417 may be limited by the longitudinal length of cavity 417, such that plunger 420 cannot be advanced beyond the distal end of cavity 417 because the outer diameter of the elongated portion of plunger 420 may be larger than the diameter of the distal portion of lumen 404 of sleeve 402. Additionally or alternatively, advancement of plunger 420 within cavity 417 may be limited by the engagement of the proximal side of proximal end 414 of sleeve 402 and the distal side of flat portion 426 of plunger 420, such that flat portion 426 cannot be advanced beyond proximal end 414 because the outer diameter of flat portion 426 may be larger than cavity 417 of sleeve 420.

Moreover, plunger 420 may include lumen 422 sized and shaped to receive the elongated drilling portion of the surgical tool as the elongated drilling portion is advanced to penetrate tissue and/or bone. Accordingly, lumen 422 may be concentrically aligned with lumen 404, such that the elongated drilling portion may be advanced through lumen 422, cavity 417, the distal portion of lumen 404, and out of distal end 406 of sleeve 402. Lumen 422 may have a diameter that is at least as large lumen 404. Distal end 406 may be sized and shaped to contact and press against a surface adjacent to the entry point of the elongated drilling portion into, e.g., tissue or bone. Accordingly, as the elongated drilling portion penetrates into an anatomic portion, distal end 406 will contact the surface adjacent to the entry point to cause spring 418 to contract axially as the distance between flat portion 426 of plunger 420 and distal end 406 decreases as the elongated drilling portion advances into the anatomic portion. The proximal region of sleeve 402 may include cavity 408 sized and shaped to house the electric components of adapter 400, e.g., controller 450, an electric generator, communication circuitry, depth sensor 410, brake mechanism 416, and/or a sensor for measuring the angle of adapter 400 relative to the surface of the tissue or bone during penetration, e.g., an accelerometer and/or gyroscope.

As shown in FIGS. 9A to 9D, depth sensor 410 may be operatively coupled to a contact sensor, e.g., band 412, extending longitudinally within cavity 417, and a distal portion of the outer surface of plunger 420 may include one or more screws sized and shaped to engage with the inner surface of band 412 as plunger 420 is advanced through cavity 417, thereby generating an electrical impedance that varies as plunger 420 is advanced through cavity 417, such that the electrical impedance measured is indicative of penetration depth of the elongated drilling portion of the surgical hand tool. Depth sensor 410 may generate one or more signals indicative of the measured electrical impedance due to the engagement between the screw and band 412, and transmit the one or more signals to controller 450 for processing, e.g., determining the penetration depth based on the electrical impedance. Additionally or alternatively, depth sensor 410 may include at least one of a linear potentiometer, a laser distance sensor, an infrared distance sensor, an ultrasonic distance sensor, a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensor, a 3D Time-of-Flight camera, linear magnetic or hall effect encoders, a reversible linear actuator such as a lead screw, or an inductive linear position sensor.

In addition, adapter 400 may include a device to supply electric power to the electrical components of adapter 400, e.g., an electric generator or battery, as well as a communication interface communicating with controller 450, described below, by any suitable means, wired or wirelessly, e.g., via Bluetooth. Although FIGS. 9A to 9D illustrate controller 450 within cavity 408 of sleeve 402, in an alternative embodiment, controller 150 and/or one or more of the other electric components of adapter 400 may be located remote from the body of adapter 400. For example, at least some of the components may be carried by an external computing device, e.g., device 300, as shown in FIG. 15 .

As described in further detail below, controller 450 may execute one or more algorithms to detect a breach condition based on the measurement parameter from the surgical hand tool and/or the penetration depth measurement from depth sensor 410 of adapter 400, e.g., when changes in electrical conductivity as a function of the depth of penetration of the elongated drilling portion satisfy one or more predetermined conditions. Controller 450 may then transmit a warning signal upon detection of the breach condition to brake mechanism 416, which is operatively coupled to plunger 420, to thereby cause brake mechanism 416 to lock plunger 420 relative to sleeve 402 upon detection of a breach condition. For example, brake mechanism 416 may be engaged with plunger 420 via at least one of a friction plate and pads, clamping jaws, or biting teeth. As the engagement between the stopper of the surgical hand tool and flat portion 426 of plunger 420 when the elongated drilling portion is advanced through lumen 422 of plunger 420 applies the force to plunger 420 to compress spring 418, locking plunger 420 relative to sleeve 402 upon detection of a breach via brake mechanism 416 prevents further advancement of the surgical hand tool relative to adapter 400.

Referring now to FIG. 10 , components that may be included in controller 450 used in conjunction with adapter 400 are described. Controller 450 may be operatively coupled to the electric components of adapter 400 and the surgical hand tool, such that controller 450 may receive signals indicative of electrical conductivity measurements from the surgical hand tool, e.g., based on electrical impedance of the surround tissue and/or bone, receive signals indicative of penetration depth measurement from depth sensor 410, detect a condition, e.g., a breach during a surgical drilling procedure, based on the signals, and instruct brake mechanism 416 to arrest advancement of the surgical hand tool relative to adapter 400 by locking plunger 420 relative to sleeve 402. Controller 450 may be disposed entirely within adapter 400, entirely within the surgical hand tool, or a combination or both adapter 400 and the surgical hand tool, or external to both adapter 400 and the surgical hand tool, e.g., in external computing device 300. Controller 450 may include one or more processors 452, communication circuitry 454, power supply 456, user interface 457, and/or memory 458.

Like memory 158, memory 458 may be RAM, ROM, Flash, or other known memory, or some combination thereof, and preferably includes storage in which data may be selectively saved. For example, programmable instructions may be stored to execute algorithms for detecting a breach or near breach of the elongated drilling portion during a surgical drilling procedure into bone. One or more electrical components and/or circuits may perform some of or all the roles of the various components described herein. Although described separately, it is to be appreciated that electrical components need not be separate structural elements. For example, controller 450 and communication circuitry 454 may be embodied in a single chip. In addition, while controller 450 is described as having memory, a memory chip(s) may be separately provided.

Controller 450 may incorporate processor 452, which may consist of one or more processors and may be a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any suitable combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. The controller also may be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

Controller 450, in conjunction with firmware/software stored in the memory may execute an operating system (e.g., operating system 472), such as, for example, Windows, Mac OS, Unix or Solaris 5.10. Controller 450 also executes software applications stored in the memory. In one non-limiting embodiment, the software comprises, for example, Unix Korn shell scripts. In other embodiments, the software may be programs in any suitable programming language known to those skilled in the art, including, for example, C++, PHP, or Java.

Communication circuitry 454 may include circuitry that allows controller 450 to communicate with the electronic components of adapter 400, e.g., the electric generator, depth sensor 410, the power supply, an alarm system, and brake mechanism 416, and with the electronic components of the surgical hand tool, e.g., the electrodes, the power generator, and/or the electric processing device. Communication circuitry 454 may be configured for wired and/or wireless communication over a network such as the Internet, a telephone network, a Bluetooth network, and/or a WiFi network using techniques known in the art. Communication circuitry 144 may be a communication chip known in the art such as a Bluetooth chip and/or a WiFi chip. Communication circuitry 454 permits controller 450 to transfer information, such as signals indicative of a breach or near breach associated with spinal drilling, locally and/or to a remote location such as a server. Power supply 456 may be designed to supply power to the components of adapter 450 and/or the surgical hand tool, and may be constructed similar to power supply 156 described above.

User interface 457 may be used to receive inputs from, and/or provide outputs to, a user. For example, user interface 457 may provide information to the user on the detection of a breach or near breach during the drilling procedure, as well as information related to the penetration depth and/or angle measurement of the surgical hand tool. User interface 457 further may include an audible device and/or volume control to selectively increase or decrease an audio output. User interface 457 may include a touchscreen, switches, dials, lights, an LED, an LED matrix, other LED indicators, or other input/output devices for receiving inputs from, and/or providing outputs to, a user. In other embodiments, user interface 457 may not be present on the adapter, but is instead provided on a remote, external computing device communicatively connected to the adapter via the communication circuitry 454. User interface 457 also may be a combination of elements on the adapter and a remote computing device.

Memory 158, which is one example of a non-transitory computer-readable medium, may be used to store operating system (OS) 172, adapter interface module 160, electric generator interface module 162, conductivity sensing module 164, depth sensing module 166, condition detection module 168, and alert generation module 170. The modules are provided in the form of computer-executable instructions that may be executed by processor 152 for performing various operations in accordance with the disclosure. Instructions may be stored, for example, for executing algorithms associated with the breach detection as described in U.S. Patent No. 11,344,372 to Bourlion or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/661,719, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. Moreover, instructions may be stored for executing algorithms associated with breach detection based on electrical conductivity as a function of penetration depth measurement, or on penetration depth measurement.

Electric generator interface module 460 may be executed by processor 452 for causing the electric generator of the surgical hand tool to apply one or more voltages across the first and second contact surfaces, e.g., electrodes, of the surgical hand tool during penetration of the anatomic portion by the elongated drilling portion.

Conductivity sensing module 462 may be executed by processor 452 for receiving one or more signals from the electrodes of the surgical hand tool indicative of measured electrical conductivity as the elongated drilling portion penetrates the anatomic portion. Specifically, conductivity sensing module 462 may determine a measurement parameter related to the electrical characteristic, e.g., voltage, an intensity of the electric current, conductivity or resistivity, based on a measurement electric current(s) induced by the applied voltage(s). Accordingly, conductivity sensing module 462 may measure the electrical conductivity, e.g., based on electrical impedance of the tissue and/or bone surrounding the distal tip of the elongated drilling portion as it penetrates the anatomic portion in real-time.

Depth sensing module 464 may be executed by processor 452 for receiving one or more signals from depth sensor 410 of adapter 400, and determining the depth of penetration of the distal end of the elongated drilling portion into the anatomic portion based on the one or more signals. For example, the one or more signals may be indicative of electrical impedance of the engagement between the one or more screws of plunger 420 and band 412. Additionally or alternatively, the one or more signals may be indicative of depth as measured by at least one of a linear potentiometer, a laser distance sensor, an infrared distance sensor, an ultrasonic distance sensor, a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensor, a 3D Time-of-Flight camera, linear magnetic or hall effect encoders, a reversible linear actuator such as a lead screw, or an inductive linear position sensor coupled to adapter 400.

In some embodiments, memory 458 further may include an angle sensing module which may be executed by processor 452 for receiving one or more signals from one or more angle sensors, e.g., an angular encoder, accelerometer, and/or gyroscope, of adapter 400 configured to measure an angle of adapter 400 relative to the surface of the anatomic portion. The angle sensing module may determine the angle of adapter 400 relative to the surface of the anatomic portion based on the one or more signal received from the angle sensors.

Condition detection module 466 may be executed by processor 452 for detecting a condition, e.g., a breach during a surgical drilling procedure, based on signals indicative of at least one of the measured electrical conductivity by conductivity sensing module 462 and the determined depth of penetration of the elongated drilling portion of the surgical hand tool by depth sensing module 464. Specifically, condition detection module 466 may execute one or more algorithms stored therein to mathematically detect when changes in electrical conductivity as a function of penetration depth, e.g., as the elongated drilling portion penetrates into the anatomic portion, satisfy predetermined conditions, indicating a breach condition. For example, based on the signals indicative of electrical conductivity and/or penetration depth measurements, condition detection module 466 may detect a breach such as transition to the inner layer of cortical bone delimiting the foramen, or transition to the outer layer of cortical bone near the nerve endings. A goal may be to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion relative to adapter 400 and the anatomic portion being penetration when rapid variations in the signals are observed, and a delay of more than one second may cause a breach at the end of drilling.

Alert generation module 468 may be executed by processor 452 for generating a warning signal when condition detection module 466 detects a condition, and optionally causing an alarm system operatively coupled to, e.g., adapter 400, the surgical hand tool, or an external computing device carrying controller 450, to emit a warning, e.g., an audible, visual, and/or tactile warning, based on the warning signal. For example, alert generation module 468 may cause the alarm system, e.g., a speaker, to emit an audible warning signal frequency-modulated and possibly intensity-modulated, which may vary based on the change in electrical conductivity detected by condition detection module 462 or the penetration depth measurement determined by depth sensing module 464, or both.

Brake mechanism interface module 470 may be executed by processor 452 for receiving the warning signal generated by alert generation module 468, and causing brake mechanism 416 of adapter 400 to lock plunger 420 relative to sleeve 402, to thereby arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion of the surgical hand tool relative to adapter 400 and the anatomic portion being penetrated. For example, as plunger 420 is locked relative to sleeve 402, flat portion 426 of plunger 420 prevents the surgical hand tool from further advancement through lumen 422 of plunger 420 and lumen 404 of sleeve 402, as described in further detail below.

Referring now to FIGS. 11A to 11D, use of adapter 400 with an exemplary surgical hand tool is provided. Surgical hand tool 20 may be, for example, a modified straight PediGuard® device, commercially available from the assignee of the present application. As shown in FIG. 11A, surgical hand tool 20 may include handle 20 having stopper 28, and an elongated drilling portion including elongated shaft 24 and drill tip 26. Drill tip 26 may have a straight tip to facilitate penetration through an anatomic portion, e.g., tissue and/or bone. As shown in FIG. 11A, drill bit 26 may have an outer diameter that is smaller than the outer diameter of elongated shaft 24. As described above, surgical hand tool 20 may include two or more electrodes for applying voltages to induce electric currents, and electrical components for measuring electrical conductivity as drill tip 26 penetrates the anatomic portion, which may be housed within handle 22. Handle 22 is sized and shaped to be easily gripped and manually rotated by an operator, e.g., a surgeon. For example, handle 22 may be symmetric about its longitudinal axis.

Adapter 400 may be positioned against an anatomic portion such that distal end 406 of sleeve 402 presses against a surface of the anatomic portion, and lumen 404 is aligned with the desired entry point of the anatomic surface. As shown in FIG. 11B, drill tip 26 and elongated shaft 24 may be inserted through lumen 422 of plunger 420 and cavity 417 of sleeve 402. As the elongated drilling portion of surgical hand tool 20 is further advanced through 422 and cavity 417, drill tip 26 is inserted into lumen 404 of sleeve 402. In some embodiments, elongated shaft 24 also may be inserted through lumen 404 as surgical hand tool 20 is advanced through adapter 400. Alternatively, the outer diameter of elongated shaft 24 may be larger than lumen 404, such that surgical hand tool 20 may not be advanced beyond the point where the distal end of elongated shaft 24 contacts the distal end of cavity 417. Surgical hand tool 20 may be advanced through adapter 20 until stopper 28 engages with flat portion 426 of plunger 426, at which point, further advancement of surgical hand tool 20 through adapter 400 causes spring 418 to compress and plunger 420 to advance distally within cavity 417 of sleeve 402. Depending on the length of elongated shaft 24, drill tip 26 may already be advanced beyond distal end 406 before stopper 28 engages with flat portion 426. Surgical hand tool 20 may be further advanced and rotated such that drill tip 26 penetrates the desired anatomic portion.

As shown in FIGS. 11C and 11D, drill tip 26 may be advanced beyond distal end 406 until flat portion 426 engages with proximal end 414 of sleeve 414. As described above, based on the measured electrical conductivity by surgical hand tool 20 and/or penetration depth measurement by adapter 400, controller 450 may cause brake mechanism 416 to lock plunger 420 relative to sleeve 402 upon detection of a breach condition while surgical hand tool 20 is advanced through adapter 400. Thus, as surgical hand tool 20 may still be rotated relative to adapter 400 when brake mechanism 416 is actuated, advancement of drill tip 26 is stopped.

Referring now to FIGS. 12A to 12D, use of adapter 400 with another exemplary surgical hand tool is provided. Surgical hand tool 30 may be, for example, a cannulated PediGuard® device, commercially available from the assignee of the present application. As shown in FIG. 12A, surgical hand tool 30 may include handle 30 having stopper 38, and an elongated drilling portion including elongated shaft 34 and drill tip 36. Drill tip 36 may be a bevel or trocar to facilitate penetration through an anatomic portion, e.g., tissue and/or bone. Elongated shaft 34 may have a progressive diameter to ease insertion and removal. For example, elongated shaft 34 may have a graduated shaft to control the progression into bone. As described above, surgical hand tool 30 may include two or more electrodes for applying voltages to induce electric currents, and electrical components for measuring electrical conductivity as drill tip 36 penetrates the anatomic portion, which may be housed within handle 32. Handle 32 is sized and shaped to be easily gripped and manually rotated by an operator, e.g., a surgeon. For example, handle 32 may have a T-shape.

Like surgical hand tool 20, when distal end 406 of adapter 400 is positioned against the anatomic portion such that lumen 404 is aligned with the desired entry point of the anatomic surface, surgical hand tool 30 may be inserted through adapter 400. For example, drill tip 36 and elongated shaft 34 of surgical hand tool 30 may be advanced distally through lumen 422 of plunger 420 as well as cavity 417 and lumen 404 of sleeve 402 until stopper 38 engages with flat portion 426, as shown in FIG. 12B. Depending on the length of elongated shaft 34, drill tip 36 may already be advanced beyond distal end 406. Further advancement of surgical hand tool 30 through adapter 400 causes spring 418 to compress and plunger 420 to advance distally within cavity 417, until engagement between proximal end 414 of sleeve 402 and flat portion 426 of plunger 420 prevents further advancement of plunger 420, and accordingly, surgical hand tool 30 relative to sleeve 402.

As described above, based on the measured electrical conductivity by surgical hand tool 30 and/or penetration depth measurement by adapter 400, controller 450 may cause brake mechanism 416 to lock plunger 420 relative to sleeve 402 upon detection of a breach condition while surgical hand tool 30 is advanced through adapter 400, e.g., before proximal end 414 of sleeve 402 engages with flat portion 426 of plunger 420, as shown in FIGS. 12C and 12D. Thus, as surgical hand tool 30 may still be rotated relative to adapter 400 when brake mechanism 416 is actuated, advancement of drill tip 36 is stopped.

Referring now to FIGS. 13A to 13D, use of adapter 400 with another exemplary surgical hand tool is provided. Surgical hand tool 40 may be, for example, a threaded PediGuard® device, commercially available from the assignee of the present application. As shown in FIG. 13A, surgical hand tool 40 may include handle 40 operatively coupled to an elongated drilling portion including elongated shaft 44 and drill tip 46, via actuator 43. Elongated shaft 44 may include stopper 48. Drill tip 46 may have a threaded surface to facilitate penetration through an anatomic portion, e.g., tissue and/or bone. As shown in FIG. 13A, stopper 48 may be formed on elongated shaft 44, e.g., at a point where the outer diameter of elongated shaft 44 increases in a direction toward handle 42.

As described above, surgical hand tool 40 may include two or more electrodes for applying voltages to induce electric currents, and electrical components for measuring electrical conductivity as drill tip 46 penetrates the anatomic portion, which may be housed within handle 42. Handle 42 is sized and shaped to be easily gripped and manually rotated by an operator, e.g., a surgeon. For example, handle 42 may have a T-shape. Actuator 43 may be actuated between an unlocked state where rotation of handle 42 in a first direction causes rotation of the elongated drilling portion in the first direction, but rotation of handle 42 in an opposite direction does not cause rotation of the elongated drilling portion, and a locked state where rotation of handle 42 in a first direction causes rotation of the elongated drilling portion in the first direction, and rotation of handle 42 in the opposite direction causes rotation of the elongated drilling portion in the opposite direction.

Like surgical hand tools 20, 30, when distal end 406 of adapter 400 is positioned against the anatomic portion such that lumen 404 is aligned with the desired entry point of the anatomic surface, surgical hand tool 40 may be inserted through adapter 400. For example, drill tip 46 and elongated shaft 44 of surgical hand tool 40 may be advanced distally through lumen 422 of plunger 420 as well as cavity 417 and lumen 404 of sleeve 402 until stopper 48 engages with flat portion 426, as shown in FIG. 13B. Depending on the length of elongated shaft 44, drill tip 46 may already be advanced beyond distal end 406. Further advancement of surgical hand tool 40 through adapter 400 causes spring 418 to compress and plunger 420 to advance distally within cavity 417, until engagement between proximal end 414 of sleeve 402 and flat portion 426 of plunger 420 prevents further advancement of plunger 420, and accordingly, surgical hand tool 40 relative to sleeve 402.

As described above, based on the measured electrical conductivity by surgical hand tool 40 and/or penetration depth measurement by adapter 400, controller 450 may cause brake mechanism 416 to lock plunger 420 relative to sleeve 402 upon detection of a breach condition while surgical hand tool 40 is advanced through adapter 400, e.g., before proximal end 414 of sleeve 402 engages with flat portion 426 of plunger 420, as shown in FIGS. 13C and 13D. Thus, as surgical hand tool 40 may still be rotated relative to adapter 400 when brake mechanism 416 is actuated, advancement of drill tip 46 is stopped.

Referring now to FIGS. 14A to 14D, use of adapter 400 with another exemplary surgical hand tool is provided. Surgical hand tool 50 may be, for example, a DSG® smart screw device, commercially available from the assignee of the present application. As shown in FIG.¶14A, surgical hand tool 50 may include handle 50 operatively coupled to inner elongated shaft 57 via actuator 53, and outer elongated shaft 54 rotatably disposed over at least a portion of inner elongated shaft 57. A proximal end of outer elongated shaft 54 may include stopper 58, and a distal end of outer elongated shaft 54 may be removably coupled to implantable drill tip 56 via connection 55, e.g., a threaded connection. Handle 52 is sized and shaped to be easily gripped and manually rotated by an operator, e.g., a surgeon. For example, handle 52 may have a T-shape. Actuator 53 may be actuated between an unlocked state where rotation of handle 52 in a first direction causes rotation of inner elongated shaft 57, and accordingly outer elongated shaft 54 and drill tip 56, in the first direction, but rotation of handle 52 in an opposite direction does not cause rotation of inner elongated shaft 57, and a locked state where rotation of handle 52 in a first direction causes rotation of inner elongated shaft 57, and accordingly outer elongated shaft 54 and drill tip 56, in the first direction, and rotation of handle 52 in the opposite direction causes rotation of inner elongated shaft 57, and accordingly outer elongated shaft 54 and drill tip 56, in the opposite direction. Stopper 58 may be actuated, e.g., rotated relative to inner elongated shaft 57, to cause the threaded distal end of outer elongated shaft 54 to engage or disengage threaded connection 55 of drill tip 56.

As described above, surgical hand tool 50 may include two or more electrodes for applying voltages to induce electric currents, and electrical components for measuring electrical conductivity as drill tip 56 penetrates the anatomic portion, which may be housed within handle 52. Drill tip 56 may have a threaded surface to facilitate penetration through an anatomic portion, e.g., tissue and/or bone, and further may include at least some of the electrical components, e.g., one or more electrodes, for measuring electrical conductivity. Accordingly, drill tip 56 may be electrically coupled to the electrical components of surgical hand tool 50, such that drill tip 56 may transmit signals therebetween.

Like surgical hand tools 20, 30, 40 when distal end 406 of adapter 400 is positioned against the anatomic portion such that lumen 404 is aligned with the desired entry point of the anatomic surface, surgical hand tool 50 may be inserted through adapter 400. For example, drill tip 56, outer elongated shaft 54, and inner elongated shaft 57 of surgical hand tool 50 may be advanced distally through lumen 422 of plunger 420 as well as cavity 417 and lumen 404 of sleeve 402 until stopper 58 engages with flat portion 426, as shown in FIG. 14B. Depending on the length of outer elongated shaft 54 and inner elongated shaft 57, drill tip 56 may already be advanced beyond distal end 406. Further advancement of surgical hand tool 50 through adapter 400 causes spring 418 to compress and plunger 420 to advance distally within cavity 417, until engagement between proximal end 414 of sleeve 402 and flat portion 426 of plunger 420 prevents further advancement of plunger 420, and accordingly, surgical hand tool 50 relative to sleeve 402.

As described above, based on the measured electrical conductivity by surgical hand tool 50 and/or penetration depth measurement by adapter 400, controller 450 may cause brake mechanism 416 to lock plunger 420 relative to sleeve 402 upon detection of a breach condition while surgical hand tool 50 is advanced through adapter 400, e.g., before proximal end 414 of sleeve 402 engages with flat portion 426 of plunger 420, as shown in FIGS. 14C and 14D. Thus, as surgical hand tool 50 may still be rotated relative to adapter 400 when brake mechanism 416 is actuated, advancement of drill tip 56 is stopped.

Referring now to FIG. 15 , in some alternative embodiments, adapter 400 and/or the surgical hand tool may be operatively coupled to an external computing device, e.g., external computing device 300. For example, controller 450 may be disposed in external computing device 300, as opposed to within adapter 400 and/or the surgical hand tool. Accordingly, controller 450 may be operatively coupled to the electronic components of adapter 400 and/or the surgical hand tool via a wired connection, e.g., one or more cables, or a wireless connection, e.g., Bluetooth connection. In addition, power supply 456 may be positioned in external computing device 300 for powering the electronic components of adapter 400 and/or the surgical hand tool. In some embodiments, external computing device 300 may include a display screen for displaying information regarding the measured electrical conductivity as a function of depth of penetration of the surgical hand tool, the penetration depth measurement, the angle measurement, and/or a visual warning message if a condition is detected, as described above.

Referring now to FIG. 16 , in some alternative embodiments, adapter 400 may be integrated with robot arm 500 configured to automatically control and or position adapter 400 at the desired entry point of the anatomic structure. For example, robot arm 500 may be programmed to determine the entry point and/or trajectory of the surgical hand tool for a predetermined surgical procedure. Additionally or alternatively, robot arm 500 may be teleoperated via a master console operatively coupled to robot arm 500, such that robot arm 500 replicates movement at the master consoler. Robot arm 500 may be constructed, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 11,344,372 and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/661,719, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. Additionally or alternatively, robot arm 500 may be another robot arm constructed in a manner within the ordinary skill in the art. As shown in FIG. 16 , a distal end of robot arm 500 may include engagement portion 502 configured to be coupled to adapter 400. For example, adapter 400 may be integrated with, embedded in, or removably coupled to engagement portion 502. Accordingly, a surgical hand tool, e.g., surgical hand tool 50, may be inserted within adapter 400 as described above, such that adapter 400 may auto-lock the surgical hand tool relative to adapter 400 upon detection of a breach in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure described herein.

While various illustrative embodiments of the invention are described above, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the invention. The appended claims are intended to cover all such changes and modifications that fall within the true scope of the invention. 

What is claimed:
 1. An adapter for use with a surgical tool comprising an elongated drilling portion, the adapter comprising: a sleeve comprising a lumen sized and shaped to receive the elongated drilling portion of the surgical tool therethrough; a brake mechanism configured to be actuated to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion relative to the sleeve; and a controller configured to: receive a signal indicative of an electrical conductivity sensed by the elongated drilling portion; and responsive to the signal, cause the brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion relative to the sleeve.
 2. The adapter of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to: receive a signal indicative of penetration depth of the elongated drilling portion; and cause the brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion when changes in electrical conductivity as a function of the depth of penetration of the elongated drilling portion satisfy one or more predetermined conditions.
 3. The adapter of claim 1, wherein the elongated drilling portion is configured to penetrate bone, and wherein the controller is configured to sense changes in electrical conductivity caused by the elongated drilling portion transitioning from bone to tissue.
 4. The adapter of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to sense changes in electrical conductivity during penetration by the elongated drilling portion, such that the controller causes the brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion when the changes in electrical conductivity satisfy one or more predetermined conditions.
 5. The adapter of claim 1, further comprising: an external computing device operatively coupled to the adapter, wherein the controller is disposed within the external computing device via a wired or wireless connection.
 6. The adapter of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to generate an alarm upon detection of the signal satisfying a predetermined condition.
 7. The adapter of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to: monitor penetration of the elongated drilling portion into a bony structure based on the signal; detect a condition associated with a change of measured electrical conductivity; and cause the brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion responsive to detection of the condition.
 8. The adapter of claim 1, wherein the sleeve comprises a stationary component comprising a spring, the adapter further comprising: a plunger coupled to the spring, the plunger configured to be slidably movable within the stationary component responsive to a force applied by the surgical tool, wherein the lumen extends through the plunger and the stationary component.
 9. The adapter of claim 8, wherein the brake mechanism is configured to lock the plunger relative to the stationary component to thereby arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion relative to the adapter.
 10. The adapter of claim 8, wherein a proximal end of the plunger comprises a flat portion configured to engage with a stopper of the surgical tool, such that the surgical tool applies the force to the plunger via the engagement between the flat portion and the stopper.
 11. The adapter of claim 8, wherein the stationary component comprises a contact sensor, wherein the plunger comprises a screw configured to engage with the contact sensor as the plunger moves relative to the stationary component, and wherein the controller is configured to determine penetration depth of the elongated drilling portion based on electrical impedance responsive to engagement between the screw and the contact sensor.
 12. The adapter of claim 8, wherein the stationary component of the adapter is configured to be coupled to a distal end of a robot arm programmed to determine at least one of an entry point or a trajectory of the surgical tool for a predetermined surgical procedure.
 13. The adapter of claim 1, wherein the surgical tool comprises a drill bit, and wherein the sleeve comprising a chuck configured to receive the drill bit, the adapter further comprising: a proximal end configured to be coupled to a surgical drill to selectively transmit rotary motion from the surgical drill to drill bit, wherein the controller is configured to, responsive to the signal, cease transmission of the rotary motion from the surgical drill to the drill bit to arrest advancement of the drill bit.
 14. The adapter of claim 13, wherein the proximal end of the adapter comprises a first rotor configured to be coupled to the surgical drill and a second rotor coupled to the chuck, wherein the first and second rotors are configured to engage each other to transmit rotary motion, and responsive to the signal, the controller decouples the second rotor from the first rotor to cease transmission of the rotary motion from the surgical drill to the drill bit.
 15. The adapter of claim 14, wherein the brake mechanism is configured to be actuated by the controller to lock the drill bit relative to the adapter to stop rotary motion of the drill bit following the decoupling of the second rotor from the first rotor.
 16. The adapter of claim 14, wherein the second rotor is selectively coupled to the first rotor via mechanical force or electromagnetic force.
 17. The adapter of claim 16, wherein the mechanical force is achieved via at least one of interlocking teeth or friction.
 18. The adapter of claim 14, wherein, in a default condition, the second rotor is decoupled from the first rotor, and the controller is configured to cause the second rotor to couple to the first rotor upon actuation of the surgical drill.
 19. The adapter of claim 13, wherein, in a default condition, the brake mechanism is configured to lock the drill bit relative to the adapter, and the controller is configured to actuate the brake mechanism to unlock the drill bit relative to the adapter upon actuation of the surgical drill.
 20. The adapter of claim 13, wherein the braking mechanism is configured to lock the drill bit relative to the adapter via at least one of a friction plate and pads, clamping jaws, or biting teeth.
 21. The adapter of claim 13, wherein the chuck comprises a telescoping channel configured to measure a depth of penetration of the drill bit.
 22. The adapter of claim 13, further comprising: a linear actuator having a channel that extends therethrough; and a shaft slidably disposed within the channel of the linear actuator, wherein the brake mechanism is disposed in communication with the linear actuation, and wherein, responsive to the signal, the controller causes the brake mechanism to lock the shaft relative to the linear actuator to arrest advancement of the drill bit.
 23. The adapter of claim 22, wherein, in a default condition, the brake mechanism is configured to lock the shaft relative to the linear actuator, and the controller is configured to actuate the brake mechanism to unlock the shaft relative to the linear actuator upon actuation of the surgical drill.
 24. The adapter of claim 22, wherein a distal end of the shaft is configured to contact a bony structure, and wherein as the drill bit advances through the bony structure, the shaft remains stationary relative to the bony structure and slides through the channel.
 25. The adapter of claim 22, wherein a proximal end of the shaft is configured to contact the surgical drill, and wherein as the drill bit advances through a bony structure, a distance between the surgical drill and the adapter decreases as the shaft slides through the channel.
 26. The adapter of claim 1, further comprising a handle.
 27. A system comprising the adapter of claim 1, further comprising the surgical tool.
 28. The system of claim 27, wherein the surgical tool comprises at least two electrodes configured to measure electrical conductivity and to generate the signal indicative of the electrical conductivity sensed by the elongated drilling portion.
 29. An adapter for use with a surgical tool comprising an elongated drilling portion, the adapter comprising: a sleeve comprising a lumen sized and shaped to receive the elongated drilling portion of the surgical tool therethrough; a brake mechanism configured to be actuated to arnest advancement of the elongated drilling portion relative to the sleeve; and a controller configured to: receive a signal indicative of penetration depth of the elongated drilling portion; and responsive to the signal, cause the brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion relative to the sleeve.
 30. An adapter for use with a surgical tool comprising an elongated drilling portion, the adapter comprising: a sleeve comprising a lumen sized and shaped to receive the elongated drilling portion of the surgical tool therethrough; a brake mechanism configured to be actuated to arnest advancement of the elongated drilling portion relative to the sleeve; and a controller configured to: receive a signal indicative of an electrical conductivity sensed by the elongated drilling portion; receive a signal indicative of penetration depth of the elongated drilling portion; and cause the brake mechanism to arrest advancement of the elongated drilling portion relative to the sleeve when changes in electrical conductivity as a function of the depth of penetration of the elongated drilling portion satisfy one or more predetermined conditions. 